Al-'Izz b. 'Abdus Salam (d.660 A.H.) on the Various Kinds of Ibadah
Al-'Izz b. 'Abdus Salam (d.660 A.H) says in Qawāid al-Ahkām fī Masālih al-Anaam:
وأمّا العِباداتُ فَأنْواعٌ
أحَدُها: المَعارِفُ المُخْتَصَّةُ بِاَللَّهِ - تَعالى -، وكَذَلِكَ الأحْوالُ المَبْنِيَّةُ عَلَيْها
النَّوْعُ الثّانِي: *الأقْوالُ المُخْتَصَّةُ بِاَللَّهِ* - تَعالى - كالتَّسْبِيحِ والتَّقْدِيسِ والتَّحْمِيدِ والتَّهْلِيلِ والتَّكْبِيرِ وسائِرِ المَدائِحِ الَّتِي بِها يُمْدَحُ الإلَهُ
النَّوْعُ الثّالِثُ: *الأفْعالُ المُخْتَصَّةُ بِاَللَّهِ* كالحَجِّ فِي العُمْرَةِ والرُّكُوعِ والسُّجُودِ والصِّيامِ والطَّوافِ المُجَرَّدِ والِاعْتِكافِ
النَّوْعُ الرّابِعُ: ما يَغْلِبُ عَلَيْهِ حَقُّ اللَّهِ وفِيهِ حَقٌّ لِلْعِبادِ كالصَّلَواتِ المَفْرُوضاتِ والمَندُوباتِ
النَّوْعُ الخامِسُ: ما يَشْتَمِلُ عَلى الحَقَّيْنِ ويَغْلِبُ عَلَيْهِ حَقُّ العِبادِ كالزَّكاةِ والكَفّاراتِ وسَتْرِ العَوْراتِ، وقَدْ يَجْتَمِعُ الحَقّانِ فِي الدِّماءِ، والأبْضاعِ والأعْراضِ والأنْسابِ
Worship is of various kinds.
Among them are the stations of knowledge exclusively for Allāh the exalted, as well as the inner states that are based on them.
The second category is the statements exclusively addressed to Allāh the exalted, including exalting, sanctifying, extolling, unifying (i.e., saying la ilāha illallāh), glorifying, and all of the various praises that are used to praise the Lord.
The third category is the actions performed exclusively for Allāh, like the Hajj, the 'umrah, rukū', sujūd, siyām, unrestricted tawāf, and i'tikāf.
The fourth category overwhelmingly fulfills the rights of Allāh, although in them is a right of the servants too, like the (obligatory) prayers as well as other obligatory and encouraged actions.
The fifth category comprises both of these rights but (their maqāsid) overwhelmingly fulfill the rights of the servants, like obligatory charity, expiations, and covering one's nakedness. And perhaps (the asl regarding the sanctity of) blood, intimacy, honor, and lineage include both rights as well.
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