The prayers of kuffar, seeking assistance and sustenance, may, paradoxically, receive responses from Allah, despite their invocation of false deities,[1] an act tantamount to committing major Shirk. Likewise, when the Dajjal emerges, he will perform many supernatural feats, such as bringing the dead back to life[2] in response to people’s requests, thereby beguiling a substantial number of people. Furthermore, Satan can lead people astray by creating an illusion that their prayers directed towards saints, angels, idols, celestial bodies, and other entities are being answered by God, often by providing material blessings such as food, clothing, money, and wealth.[3] Similarly, Satan can deceive individuals into believing that incantations and talismans hold the power to effect healing.[4]
Allah allows these occurrences to transpire as tests and challenges for humanity. This underscores the notion that mere displays of supernatural phenomena do not constitute adequate proof for the veracity of the true religion. Instead, the true religion must also withstand intellectual scrutiny and not be vulnerable to arguments that undermine its credibility, such as possessing theological inconsistencies (for instance, the logical contradiction of the Trinity), factual inaccuracies (like false prophecies), and ensuring its Prophet avoids any resemblance to practitioners of black magic who employ supernatural forces for nefarious purposes.[5]
Ibn Taymiyyah also contends that certain individuals who invoke the Prophet (peace be upon him) have their requests granted.[6] One possible explanation he offers for this phenomenon is the safeguarding of the faith of those who might otherwise lose their Iman if they beseeched the Prophet and their entreaties went unanswered.[7]
Despite acknowledging the potential efficacy of supplicating to the Prophet by having one’s requests fulfilled, Ibn Taymiyyah does not interpret this as evidence to justify such actions. In fact, he believed that asking prophets for help (i.e., istighatha) is major Shirk[8] while asking one near his grave to make dua is an innovation.[9] This parallels the earlier examples in which individuals may receive responses to their requests and prayers, even though those acts of requesting and praying themselves are deemed problematic and religiously impermissible.
To summarize, a Muslim need not be perplexed by the phenomenon of requests and prayers from kuffar and religious innovators receiving answers. There exist plausible explanations to account for this reality.
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[1] Ibn Taymiyyah states in his Qa’ida Jaleelah:
والخلق كلهم يسألون الله مؤمنهم وكافرهم، وقد يجيب الله دعاء الكفار؛ فإن الكفار يسألون الله الرزق فيرزقهم ويسقيهم، وإذا مسهم الضر في البحر ضل من يدعون إلا إياه، فلما نجاهم إلى البر أعرضوا وكان الإنسان كفورا
[2] The Dajjal himself will not possess this power, but rather, it is Allah enabling this since the creation of life is a unique divine property of Allah. See here.
[3] Ibn Taymiyyah says in his ar-Radd ‘ala al-Bakri:
وكان بعض الشيوخ الذين أعرفهم وله فضل وعلم وزهد؛ إذا نزل به أمر خطا إلى جهة الشيخ عبد القادر (٣) خطوات معدودة واستغاث به، وهذا يفعله كثير من الناس وأكبر منه، [ومنهم] (٤) من يأتي إلى قبر الشيخ يدعوه، [ويدعو به] (٥) ويدعون (٦) عنده، وهؤلاء ليس لهم مستند شرعي من كتاب أو سنة أو قول عن الصحابة والأئمة، وهؤلاء ليس عندهم إلا قول طائفة من الشيوخ: إذا كانت لكم حاجة فاستغيثوا [بي] (٧)، وتعالوا إلي قبري ونحو ذلك؛ مما فيه تصويبه لأصحابه بالاستغاثة به حيًا وميتًا، ومعهم قول طائفة أخرى: قبر معروف أو غيره ترياق مجرب، والدعاء عند قبر الشيخ (١) مجاب ونحو ذلك، ومعهم أن طائفة من الناس استغاثوا بحي أو ميت فرأوه قد أتى في الهواء وقضى بعض تلك الحوائج وأخبر ببعض ما سئل عنه
وهذا كثير واقع في المشركين الذين يدعون الملائكة والأنبياء أو (٢) الصالحين أو (٣) الكواكب والأوثان، فإن الشياطين كثيرًا ما تتمثل لهم فيرونها قد تخاطب أحدهم ولا يراها
ولو ذكرت ما أعلم من الوقائع الموجودة في زماننا من هذا لطال (٤) المقام، وكلما كان القوم أعظم جهلًا وضلالًا كانت هذه الأحوال الشيطانية عندهم أكثر، وقد يأتي الشيطان أحدهم بمال أو طعام أو لباس أو غير ذلك، وهو لا يرى أحدًا أتاه به، فيحسب ذلك كرامة؛ وإنما هي من الشيطان، وسببه شركه بالله وخروجه عن طاعة الله ورسوله إلى طاعة [الشياطين] (٥)، فأضلتهم الشياطين (٦) بذلك كما كانت تضل عُباد الأصنام، ومثل هذه الأحوال لا تكون من كرامات أولياء الله المتقين
[4] Consider the following hadith:
Narrated Abdullah ibn Mas’ud:
Zaynab, the wife of Abdullah ibn Mas’ud, told that Abdullah said: I heard the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) saying: spells, charms and love-potions are polytheism.
I asked: Why do you say this? I swear by Allah, when my eye was discharging I used to go to so-and-so, the Jew, who applied a spell to me. When he applied the spell to me, it calmed down. Abdullah said:
That was just the work of the Devil who was picking it with his hand, and when he uttered the spell on it, he desisted. All you need to do is to say as the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) used to say: Remove the harm, O Lord of men, and heal. Thou art the Healer. There is no remedy but Thine which leaves no disease behind. [Sunan Abi Dawud]
[5] See Five Differences between a Prophet and a Magician/Soothsayer
[6] Even more strangely, there are cases of Muslims beseeching non-Muslim ‘saints’ and having their invocations responded to. See: Jack Tannous, The Making of the Medieval Middle East: Religion, Society, and Simple Believers (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018), p. 367
[7] Ibn Taymiyyah states in Iqtida’ Sirat al-Mustaqeem:
وكذلك سؤال بعضهم للنبي ﷺ، أو لغيره من أمته حاجة فتقضى له، فإن هذا قد وقع كثيرا، وليس هو مما نحن فيه
وعليك أن تعلم: أن إجابة النبي ﷺ أو غيره لهؤلاء السائلين، ليس مما يدل على استحباب السؤال، فإنه هو «القائل ﷺ: «إن أحدهم ليسألني المسألة فأعطيه إياها، فيخرج بها يتأبطها نارا»، فقالوا: يا رسول الله، فلم تعطيهم؟ قال: "يأبون إلا أن يسألوني، ويأبى الله لي البخل»
وأكثر هؤلاء السائلين الملحين لما هم فيه من الحال، لو لم يجابوا لاضطرب إيمانهم، كما أن السائلين به في الحياة كانوا كذلك، وفيهم من أجيب وأمر بالخروج من المدينة
Ibn Taymiyyah's perspective can be construed as asserting that the Prophet (peace be upon him) and certain deceased individuals possess the capacity to make dua for those requesting it near the grave. However, it is important to recognize that the mere capability to acquire something does not inherently render it morally or religiously valid. Ibn Taymiyyah invokes a Prophetic hadeeth to illustrate that the Prophet may indeed respond to entreaties, even if the act of soliciting such dua from the Prophet could potentially lead the supplicant to hell. He even stresses this in another place in his Iqtida when he states:
وليس كل من قضيت حاجته بسبب يقتضي أن يكون السبب مشروعًا مأمورًا به، فقد كان رسول الله ﷺ يُسأل في حياته المسألة فيعطيها لا يرد سائلا، وتكون المسألة محرمة في حق السائل: حتى قال «إني لأعطي أحدهم العطية فيخرج بها يتأبطها نارا «قالوا يا رسول الله فلم تعطيهم؟ قال:»يأبون إلا أن يسألوني، ويأبى الله لي البخل»
While one can subject Ibn Taymiyyah's application of this hadeeth in this specific context to scrutiny, it remains his stance. It is crucial to refrain from extrapolating conclusions beyond what is explicitly articulated in his position.
[8] Even though he did not make takfeer of those who do so by default. See the quotes linked to footnotes 6 and 7 over here.
[9] Ibn Taymiyyah says in Majmu al-Fatawa:
وَقَدْ ذَكَرَ عُلَمَاءُ الْإِسْلَامِ وَأَئِمَّةُ الدِّينِ الْأَدْعِيَةَ الشَّرْعِيَّةَ وَأَعْرَضُوا عَنْ الْأَدْعِيَةِ الْبِدْعِيَّةِ فَيَنْبَغِي اتِّبَاعُ ذَلِكَ . وَالْمَرَاتِبُ فِي هَذَا الْبَابِ ثَلَاثٌ : – إحْدَاهَا أَنْ يَدْعُوَ غَيْرَ اللَّهِ وَهُوَ مَيِّتٌ أَوْ غَائِبٌ سَوَاءٌ كَانَ مِنْ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ وَالصَّالِحِينَ أَوْ غَيْرِهِمْ فَيَقُولُ : يَا سَيِّدِي فُلَانٌ أَغِثْنِي أَوْ أَنَا أَسْتَجِيرُ بِك أَوْ أَسْتَغِيثُ بِك أَوْ اُنْصُرْنِي عَلَى عَدُوِّي . وَنَحْوُ ذَلِكَ فَهَذَا هُوَ الشِّرْكُ بِاَللَّهِ . وَالْمُسْتَغِيثُ بِالْمَخْلُوقَاتِ قَدْ يَقْضِي الشَّيْطَانُ حَاجَتَهُ أَوْ بَعْضَهَا وَقَدْ يَتَمَثَّلُ لَهُ فِي صُورَةِ الَّذِي اسْتَغَاثَ بِهِ فَيَظُنُّ أَنَّ ذَلِكَ كَرَامَةٌ لِمَنْ اسْتَغَاثَ بِهِ ؛ وَإِنَّمَا هُوَ شَيْطَانٌ دَخَلَهُ وَأَغْوَاهُ لَمَّا أَشْرَكَ بِاَللَّهِ
…
الثَّانِيَةُ أَنْ يُقَالَ لِلْمَيِّتِ أَوْ الْغَائِبِ مِنْ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ وَالصَّالِحِينَ : اُدْعُ اللَّهَ لِي أَوْ اُدْعُ لَنَا رَبَّك أَوْ اسْأَلْ اللَّهَ لَنَا كَمَا تَقُولُ النَّصَارَى لِمَرْيَمَ وَغَيْرِهَا فَهَذَا أَيْضًا لَا يَسْتَرِيبُ عَالِمٌ أَنَّهُ غَيْرُ جَائِزٍ وَأَنَّهُ مِنْ الْبِدَعِ الَّتِي لَمْ يَفْعَلْهَا أَحَدٌ مِنْ سَلَفِ الْأُمَّةِ ؛
Assalamualaikum ustadh, what about the narration of Malik al Dar? It's been used as evidence that even someone from the salaf asked for the Prophet's prayer after his death.
The text of the narration:
It is related from Malik al-Dar, `Umar’s treasurer, that the people suffered a drought during the time of `Umar (his khilafah), whereupon a man came to the grave of the Prophet and said: “O Messenger of Allah, ask for rain for your Community, for verily they have but perished,” after which the Prophet appeared to him in a dream and told him: “Go to `Umar and give him my greeting, then tell him that they will be watered. Tell him: You must be clever, you must be clever!” The man went and told `Umar. The latter said: “O my Lord, I spare no effort except in what escapes my power!””
Imam Ibn Abd al Bar al Maliki in his book “al Isti’ab fi ma’rifat al As-hab”:
The people suffered a drought during the time of ‘Umar (his khilafah), whereupon a man came to the grave of the Prophet (sallallahu alayhi wa sallam) and said:”O Messenger of Allah, ask for rain for your Community, for verily they have but perished,” after which the Prophet appeared to him in a dream and told him: “Go to ‘Umar and tell him to do istisqa’ (ask Allah for rain) for the people, and that they will be watered. And tell him: You must be clever, you must be clever!” So, the man went and told ‘Umar, and Umar cried and said “O my Lord, I spare no effort except in what escapes my power!”
Ahmad Abdullah at Tabari (d. 694 ) in his book “ar Riyadh an Nadhirah fi Manaqib al Ashara”:
Anas bin Malik narrated:
The people suffered drought during Umar’s time, whereupon a man came to teh grave of the Prophet (Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam), and said: “O Messenger of Allah, ask for rain for your community, for verily they have but perished,”, he said so the Messenger of Allah came to him in a dream and told him “Go to ‘Umar then tell him to do istisqa’ (ask Allah for rain) for the people, and that they will be watered. And tell him: You must be clever, you must be clever!” So, the man went and told ‘Umar, and Umar cried and said “O my Lord, I spare no effort except in what escapes my power!”. narrated by al Baghawi in al fada’il and Abu Umar.